Glenohumeral arthritis, also known as shoulder arthritis, is a degenerative joint condition that affects the shoulder joint. This type of arthritis specifically targets the glenohumeral joint, where the head of the humerus (upper arm bone) articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula (shoulder blade). Glenohumeral arthritis can cause pain, stiffness, and limited range of motion in the shoulder, significantly impacting daily activities. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for this condition is essential for managing symptoms and improving quality of life.

Causes

Glenohumeral arthritis typically develops as a result of wear and tear on the shoulder joint over time. Factors such as aging, repetitive use of the shoulder joint, and previous shoulder injuries can contribute to the breakdown of cartilage within the glenohumeral joint. As the cartilage deteriorates, the bones in the joint may begin to rub against each other, leading to pain, inflammation, and the formation of bone spurs.

Symptoms

The primary symptoms of glenohumeral arthritis include pain, stiffness, and decreased range of motion in the shoulder joint. Individuals with this condition may experience discomfort that worsens with movement or weight-bearing activities, such as lifting or reaching overhead. The pain may be localized to the shoulder joint or radiate down the arm. Stiffness and limited range of motion in the shoulder can make everyday tasks challenging, such as dressing, bathing, or reaching for objects.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing glenohumeral arthritis typically involves a comprehensive medical history review, physical examination, and imaging studies. During the physical exam, the healthcare provider will assess the range of motion in the shoulder joint and evaluate for signs of inflammation or tenderness. Imaging tests such as X-rays, MRI scans, or CT scans may be ordered to visualize the extent of joint damage, including the loss of cartilage, bone spurs, and joint deformities.

Treatment

Treatment for glenohumeral arthritis focuses on relieving pain, improving joint function, and slowing the progression of joint damage. Conservative treatment options may include:

1. Medications: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or corticosteroid injections may be prescribed to reduce pain and inflammation in the shoulder joint.

2. Physical Therapy: A tailored physical therapy program can help improve shoulder strength, flexibility, and range of motion through targeted exercises and stretches.

3. Activity Modification: Avoiding activities that exacerbate shoulder pain or stress on the joint can help alleviate symptoms and prevent further damage.

4. Assistive Devices: Using supportive devices such as slings or braces may provide stability and reduce strain on the shoulder joint during daily activities.

In cases where conservative measures fail to provide adequate relief, or if joint damage is severe, surgical intervention may be recommended. Surgical options for glenohumeral arthritis include:

1. Arthroscopic Debridement: This minimally invasive procedure involves removing damaged tissue, bone spurs, and inflamed synovium from the shoulder joint to alleviate pain and improve function.

2. Shoulder Arthroplasty: In more advanced cases of glenohumeral arthritis, shoulder arthroplasty, or shoulder replacement surgery, may be necessary to replace the damaged joint with an artificial implant.

3. Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty: This specialized procedure is often recommended for individuals with severe arthritis and rotator cuff deficiency, where the traditional shoulder replacement may not be feasible.

Recovery and Rehabilitation

Recovery from surgery for glenohumeral arthritis involves a period of rehabilitation to restore strength, mobility, and function to the shoulder joint. Physical therapy exercises, under the guidance of a licensed therapist, are essential for promoting healing, improving range of motion, and preventing stiffness or muscle weakness.

Conclusion

Glenohumeral arthritis is a degenerative joint condition that affects the shoulder joint, causing pain, stiffness, and limited mobility. By understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for this condition, individuals can work with healthcare professionals to manage symptoms effectively and improve quality of life. Whether through conservative measures or surgical intervention, addressing glenohumeral arthritis can help individuals regain function and enjoy an active lifestyle.